The meaning of viruses, pros and cons. Principles of virus classification

With the advent of the Internet in every home and telephone, “word of mouth” received a new, modern “sounding”: now it is called “viral marketing”, and an advertising campaign in a similar spirit is considered among specialists to be top notch.

Users will send high-quality viral advertising - not necessarily just a “funny picture” - text, audio, video, game, software, etc. to each other. Moreover, unlike a virus (real or computer), on one’s own initiative, and besides, the mailing will only bring pleasure to all participants - it will give users the opportunity to be known as funny people in the contact list, and customers will have the opportunity to increase citizens’ awareness of the brand and stimulate sales.

But it is not entirely correct to associate viral marketing exclusively with the virtual space. The “virus” took shape as a marketing strategy almost a hundred years ago. For example, the Singer company (yes, those same sewing machines) at the beginning of the 20th century produced a series of postcards, moderately moralizing and extremely touching. In addition to children, angels and utopian landscape paintings, there was a glimpse of a sewing machine. Of course, it’s only appropriate, for example, here are diligent girls sewing, and your thought immediately unobtrusively connects comfort and prosperity with Singer products.

IBM, Microsoft, Volvo, Mercedes, Adobe, American Express, Procter&Gamble, Nissan and many others have successfully used viral marketing methods. But history also knows less successful examples. During the 2004 UEFA Cup, a viral advertisement for Carlsberg beer had a disastrous effect on the brand's reputation. Users hacked the newsletter and added “a couple of affectionate” messages from themselves to the advertising text. And although some believe that the problem was in the weak security of the mailing, most agree that the reason was the poor quality of the product.

“Singer” also knew what remained inaccessible to, for example, the Russian Ministry of Health. Thus, a ministerial video with the character Horse Dolbak, instead of a desire to give up smoking, according to surveys, aroused an ardent desire to find out what two million rubles of the budget for this “virus” were spent on.

Pros of viral marketing:

the costs of distributing viral advertising are low - it is simply economically profitable;
viral advertising is more effective, it holds the consumer’s attention longer and often involves him in some action related to the brand;
moreover, it is often personalized, since it mainly spreads from acquaintances to acquaintances and, as a result, it has a high threshold of trust;
it is not intrusive, because the user himself decides whether he wants to get acquainted with the content sent to him, but at the same time provides a large audience reach;
As a rule, viral advertising bypasses censorship restrictions and media and advertising laws;
Viral advertising has a long life cycle;
original viral advertising is well remembered by consumers and, with a correctly created virus, creates strong positive associations with the brand;
and, in addition, some examples of “viruses” can well be attributed to the realm of art.

Disadvantages of viral marketing:

viral advertising requires a very good, bright, innovative, creative, original idea, it is objectively not easy to come up with it;
no one can guarantee that your “virus” will appeal to the target audience, so you will have to spend money on preliminary testing;
After so much effort, it is very difficult for many not to shove their logos into every frame, and this will ultimately make the work useless - the masses will not approve of you;
By releasing a viral advertisement, the advertiser loses control over it and cannot influence its content.

Throughout life, a person faces a huge number of dangers, one of which is infections. The virus spreads throughout the body, penetrating cells and devouring them. The infection can manifest itself very violently, but it can also remain latent for a long period, and sometimes for a lifetime.

Today, there are more than 450 viruses in medicine. According to the WHO, eighty percent of infectious diseases in the world are caused by strains.

Viruses

The spread of pathogens occurs from individual to individual, and an animal can also be a carrier. Viruses are divided into two types based on their shape:

Chronic, which affects the body over a long period.
Acute, when introduced into the body, rapid development of the disease occurs.

In this case, infections are accompanied by unpleasant symptoms, and many patients and doctors strive to quickly eliminate the symptoms of the pathological process with antibacterial drugs.

But it is necessary to understand that antimicrobial agents are not able to eliminate a viral infection.

A virus is not a cell, it cannot divide, it develops only in a living organism. An infected person is transformed into a portable incubator, which spreads the infection around itself through airborne droplets, as well as contact or other means.

Antibiotics against viruses and bacteria: do they help or not?

The most effective medicine for a viral infection is not antibacterial drugs, but antiviral medications.

Viral infections are divided into the following types:

Respiratory, which includes about 170 names of pathogens.
Intestinal lesions - have 90 names.
Arbovirus infection - about 100 species.
Hepatitis infections.
Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.
Human papillomas - over 100 types.
Herpetic lesions, adenovirus infection, hantavirus infection and others.

Consider, for example, an acute respiratory viral infection that affects both adults and children. In ninety-nine percent of cases, inflammation is caused by a viral infection. The use against it is ineffective, because the drugs are aimed only at eliminating harmful bacteria.

On the contrary, the use of antibiotics in this situation is fraught with negative effects - these drugs destroy not only pathogens, but also beneficial bacteria, adversely affecting the immune system.

Have you heard that you take antibiotics for a virus? Perhaps these people are simply self-medicating! Unlike bacteria, viruses are just a system that is close to a life form. Doctors still cannot agree on whether this organism is alive or not.

So, antimicrobial agents are substances of plant or synthetic origin that can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria or provoke their death.

For this purpose, there are strong drugs that have the ability to influence large viruses, but at the same time cause harm to human cells and the defense system. Therefore, in most situations there is no point in using it against viruses.

Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics against ARVI and other viral infections?

Why are antibiotics used against viruses or bacteria? Antimicrobial drugs are designed to stop the spread of bacterial inflammatory lesions in the underlying pathology.

The feasibility of such treatment is very questionable, since the destruction of all bacteria, without exception, takes away from the human body the ability to effectively fight ARVI.

Do antibiotics treat viruses in children? Rotavirus is common, and in most cases preschool children are exposed to it. The disease is characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The main symptom of rotavirus infection is sudden diarrhea.

Therapy in this situation is based on restoring the water-salt balance. Antibacterial agents are also often prescribed to prevent rotavirus in children.

Antibiotics for viral diseases

Antimicrobial drugs can be prescribed for the return of chronic otitis media, for severe symptoms of immunodeficiency, and for acute viral infections.

Are viruses treated with antibiotics in any special cases? There are a number of reasons when antibacterial agents are necessary:

Chronic inflammatory processes of the middle ear.
Underweight in children, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, weak immune system.
Signs of insufficiency of the body's protective functions, among which are frequent inflammatory processes, colds, unreasonable rise in temperature, fungal infections of the nail plate, regular digestive problems, autoimmune diseases, cancerous tumors, purulent processes.

Treatment for a virus with antibiotics is done to prevent certain complications. For example:

If a bacterial purulent sore throat appears with a viral disease, there is a streptococcal or anaerobic infection.
When inflammatory lesions occur in the lungs.
With the formation of inflammatory processes in the ears.

When a purulent infection joins a viral infection, the following is observed:

damage to the lymph nodes;
sinusitis (inflammation of the maxillary sinuses);
phlegmon (acute diffuse purulent inflammation of the cellular spaces, unlike an abscess, does not have clear boundaries);
bacteria affect the respiratory tract and throat.

The use of antibiotics against viruses is indicated for prophylactic purposes to prevent complications.

In case of rotavirus, it is necessary to carry out early diagnosis, rehydration, and also take adsorbent drugs - activated carbon, Smecta, Polysorb. Enterosorbents help connect viruses and “remove” them from the human body. As a rule, the use of antimicrobial agents to eliminate rotavirus infection is strictly contraindicated, so as not to destroy the already affected gastrointestinal tract.

If you have rotavirus, it is recommended to follow a diet and take medications that can replenish the water balance in the body (Regidron), and you should also use enzymes, including Pancreatin and Creon, which regenerate the microflora. But in rare situations, antimicrobial drugs are also prescribed against rotavirus infection. This is possible under the following conditions:

Suspected cholera with severe dehydration.
The presence of blood in the stool.
Chronic diarrhea that lasts more than ten days and in the presence of Giardia in the stool.

It must be remembered that antibiotics against viruses can be used in rare cases. For the effectiveness of treatment, the correct selection of antibacterial agents is important. You also need to know the localization of the virus and the spectrum of action in order to establish the correct dosage.

What do doctors prescribe for a viral infection?

As a rule, preference is given to general-spectrum antimicrobial agents with increased digestibility and low toxicity.

For a viral infection, it is necessary to have a minimal effect of the antimicrobial drug on the beneficial intestinal microflora and the absence of an excess or deficiency of beneficial bacteria in the body when it is used. Names of antibiotics against viruses:

Medicines of the penicillin series, which include Oxacillin, as well as Ampiox and Ampicillin. Such drugs have the ability to be instantly absorbed; they effectively eliminate streptococci, pneumococci, and meningococci.
Cephalosporin drugs include Cephalexin, Cefazolin, and Cephaloridine. The medications are considered low-toxic, act against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and can also suppress penicillin-resistant viruses.
Macrolides are Erythromycin and Azithromycin, which are designed to suppress the spread of pathogens.
Tetracyclines include Doxycycline and Tetracycline. Medicines prevent protein synthesis in cells.
For severe infections, aminoglycosides are used, which include Gentamicin and Amikacin.
Other groups of antibiotics that act on viruses include Lincomycin and Rifampicin.

When combining a bacterial intestinal infection with a rotavirus, patients can use Enterofuril, Furazolidone and other antimicrobial agents. They help prevent prolonged diarrhea (diarrhea). As a rule, these medications are prescribed based on test results.

Among the most common symptoms that confirm the addition of a bacterial infection are sudden changes in temperature and the nature of bowel movements.

Result of improper treatment

The most dangerous consequences of rotavirus for a child can be critical dehydration and rapid weight loss. The younger the patient is, the more serious the problem will be with this condition. Dehydration during the rotavirus pathological process usually entails:

The occurrence of pneumonia, since with the loss of fluid the blood becomes thicker and the pathological secretion also becomes thicker, which disrupts the functioning of the lungs, as well as the bronchi and cardiovascular system.
The stability of the central nervous system is disrupted. Complications include spasms and loss of consciousness. Due to a deficiency of sodium and calcium, the electrical signals that pass through the cells fail. They mix, which provokes involuntary muscle contractions.
If there is insufficient blood volume, a sharp decrease in pressure can be observed, as well as a decrease in oxygen levels, and hypovolemic shock is possible.

What really helps in the fight against viral diseases

Is the virus treated with antibiotics? Antimicrobials are drugs, mostly of natural origin, that fight bacterial pathogens. But they, as noted above, are absolutely useless against viruses, since the latter is considered an extracellular agent, which is not affected by antibacterial treatment.

To eliminate the virus, you can use antiviral medications and medications that can not only resist the attack of a foreign microorganism, but will also be effective in preventing subsequent infections. You need to know that antimicrobial drugs are useless and even harmful for a virus.

Since viral infections can provoke serious illnesses (for example, of the upper respiratory tract), there are certain antiviral drugs that eliminate this pathology.

The following is used against influenza virus, ARVI and respiratory diseases:

"Orvir", "Mindathan" for group A influenza.
"Arbidol", "Aflubin", "Amiksin", "Tamiflu" are suitable for influenza categories B, C and ARVI.
"Ribavirin" is effective against respiratory infections.

Acyclovir, an effective remedy against the herpes virus, is not an antibiotic.

For contagious lesions:

"Metisazan" for common smallpox.
"Acyclovir" for shingles and chickenpox.

Antimicrobial drugs eliminate most diseases. However, they have proven themselves not only as bacteria eradicators, but also as pests for human health. Antiviral medications and medications also cannot be considered safe.

"Interferon Alpha-2B"

For example, for ARVI and influenza, many patients take the antiviral drug Interferon Alpha-2B. He does his job wonderfully. But the use of this medication is fraught with negative consequences for the body. Like an antibiotic, an antiviral medicine has certain contraindications.

For example, Interferon Alpha-2B can provoke:

Allergic reactions.
Skin itching.
Stomach upset.

It is important to note that the above reactions may occur in those patients who are prohibited from using this medication:

During pregnancy.
During lactation.
For infants and children under three years of age.
For people of retirement age.
In case of acute drug intolerance in a patient.

Undoubtedly, when the first symptoms of infection appear, you should contact a medical specialist. Before taking any drug, you must consult a doctor and first undergo tests.

Only a doctor can prescribe antibacterial agents to a child. At the same time, incorrect prescription of the drug can lead to the fact that the next time the child will quickly catch a viral infection, since treatment with the use of antimicrobial drugs causes a significant blow to the child’s immune system.

Prevention methods

The most natural, as well as effective and completely helpful drug for all diseases and infections is not an antibacterial agent, but the human immune system. If it is ok, then the body is fighting the virus or bacteria.

You can also improve your health by hardening yourself with cold and hot water. But while taking a contrast shower is beneficial, drinking cold water is very dangerous. Healthy and natural foods, fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy products also help strengthen the body's defenses.

To prevent viral diseases from taking a person by surprise, it is necessary to get vaccinated.

What are the advantages of vaccination:

The body will be able to develop immunity against infection.
You don't have to spend money on expensive drugs.
Minimum side effects.
No contraindications.

Conclusion

Considering all of the above, we can come to the conclusion that sometimes the use of antibacterial agents even in the presence of viral infections becomes a necessity. In this case, only a medical specialist has the right to determine the type of infection and select an effective medicine.

We must always remember that antibiotic therapy:

Prescribed by a doctor only to eliminate bacterial infections.
Cannot have any effect on the virus and infection, since the antibiotic only eliminates living cells. It is completely useless for a viral infection.

Due to the illiteracy of many people, most of them self-medicate, usually making the wrong diagnosis for themselves. It is important to consider that an antimicrobial drug is considered a powerful medicine, and its effect is aimed not only at neutralizing harmful bacteria, but also at destroying the body’s microflora. This can lead to harmful consequences.

The first step is to consult a medical specialist. You cannot self-medicate! Before using any medication, you need to thoroughly study the instructions for use.

This article talks about what antivirus programs are and what they are, how they differ from each other, and which antivirus is best to install on your computer. First of all, it should be noted that PC security is one of the main conditions for its effective and smooth operation. Any antivirus program is designed to detect malware and computer viruses that infect files and block the operation of the computer.

For smooth and smooth operation of your PC, you only need to install one antivirus program. If you install two or more antiviruses, they will begin to conflict with each other, which will lead to failures in the computer. Before purchasing an antivirus, you can install the trial version offered by the developers. It can be calculated from 30 to 90 days. However, there are also free antiviruses that will provide good protection for your computer. The main difference between such antivirus programs and paid ones is a special scanner that finds and removes viruses only when you launch it. For those who cannot decide which antivirus is the best, first you need to consider the Doctor Web and Avast products.

Pros and cons of the most popular antiviruses

Kaspersky Internet Security is the most modern antivirus for computers, developed using Kaspersky Lab technologies. Perfect for basic PC protection in the event of an attack by major malware.

High level of PC protection against malware;
High speed;
Quickly check PC files and program reputation;
Preliminary check of the site using link monitoring before moving to it;
Blocking unwanted content with Anti-Spam and Anti-Banner;
Excellent compatibility with Microsoft - Windows 8, supporting innovations in the field of IT security.

Quite a high cost of the program;
It is heavy and takes up a lot of space in RAM, which affects the performance of the computer;
When running a full PC scan, other programs should be disabled to reduce the load. In some cases this is not acceptable.

Avast! Free Antivirus and Avast! Internet Security

Avast! Internet Security is one of the best free versions of the antivirus and thanks to technologies such as Antispam Internet Security, SafeZone™, Sandbox, the Firewall provides high protection for your computer when navigating to Internet pages, as well as when making various online transactions. Avast! Free Antivirus is very popular, since the free antiviruses from this developer are almost as good as the paid ones, demonstrating high protection and performance.

There is a full free version of the program;
File scanning is performed at high speed;
Suspicious programs are monitored;
Blocking malicious sites.

Free antiviruses do not detect some malware;
Pop-ups and banners are not blocked.

The Dr.Web anti-virus program is one of the very first and is distinguished by its ability not only to detect and destroy those files that are infected, but also to completely restore them to their original state. Thanks to this, information, possibly very valuable, is completely preserved. The rating of Dr.Web antivirus is one of the highest among its analogues.

The program has a free utility, Dr.Web CureIt, with which you can work even on a computer infected with viruses without any special installation;
Archives of any level are scanned, thereby identifying packaged malicious products;
High level of PC protection;
A random check is performed (RAM, boot sectors, startup objects).

The license cost of the full version of the program is quite high;
If you register a new license, you must present the serial number or the previous key;
Curelt updates occur very frequently; therefore, periodic downloading of the updated version is necessary, which is not always acceptable.

NOD32

Many advanced network users are of the opinion that ESET NOD32 is the best antivirus for a computer, which is essentially characterized by some features in the settings of this program.

Unnecessary letters and advertisements are blocked;
Protection from hackers and scammers operating on the Internet;
High level of security on social networks;
Spyware and phishing sites are blocked.

The antivirus program is not completely removed from the PC. The program persists on some elements and leads to a conflict when working with a new antivirus;
Skips some malware;
The PC scan takes quite a long time;
High cost of a licensed product.

Which antivirus program to choose?

From the above description of the pros and cons of different antivirus programs, you can already roughly imagine which antivirus is the best for your computer. However, in order to make it easier to make a choice, you need to clearly know what you will use the computer for. If you only plan to play games on it, then it is better to install a free program such as Avast! If you are going to not only have fun, but also work, then it is better to install a paid antivirus, for example Kaspersky Internet Security.

If you purchased a netbook, the protection system is slightly different. You can install a free antivirus for your computer Avast! and check your PC about once a month with the Dr.Web Curelt! utility. Such a protection system will not take up many resources from the computer, which is a big plus, because a netbook is not very powerful compared to many PCs.

Having considered all the pros and cons of different antivirus programs, you just have to make a choice in favor of the most optimal protection for your computer, taking into account the antivirus rating, its cost and capabilities, as well as based on the purpose of the PC and its power.

(31 Votes)

Retrospective diagnostics - the goal is to detect the dynamics of the increase in AT, based on the study of paired sera, which are taken twice, at the beginning of the disease and at the end. They are tested in one of the seroreactions. If the increase in AT is 4-5 times greater, the diagnosis is 100%.

Role - the method allows you to reliably make a diagnosis in most cases.

Role – duration of retrospective diagnosis.

QUESTION No. 20 “AUJESKY’S DISEASE VIRUS.”

Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies, pruritic plague, rabid scabies, infectious bulbar palsy) is an acute disease of all types of farm animals, fur-bearing animals and rodents. It is characterized by signs of damage to the brain and spinal cord, severe itching and scratching.

AD causes particular damage in pig farming and fur farming. This is an acute food infection in fur-bearing animals. The cause is food, which is often slaughterhouse waste and offal obtained from sick animals or virus-carrying animals.

Clinic. The incubation period is 1.5 days - 10-12 days, depending on the method of infection, the virulence of the virus and the resistance of the animal. The virus is pantropic.

In pigs the clinical course proceeds without signs of itching. Suckers and weanlings are seriously ill. The disease is septic in nature. Piglets usually die within 4-12 hours. In piglets from 10 days to 3 months, the first signs of the disease are fever (40-42), depression, mucous discharge from the nose. Later, signs of central nervous system damage appear: restlessness, maneuvering movements, loss of orientation, convulsions, arching of the back, paralysis of the pharynx, larynx, limbs, pulmonary edema, salivation. The illness lasts from several hours to 3 days. Mortality: 70-100%

In sows it manifests itself as a flu-like syndrome with recovery after 3-4 days.

In cattle, the temperature rises to 42 C, chewing stops, severe itching in the nostrils, lips, cheeks, refusal to feed, lethargy, anxiety, fear, rapid breathing, sweating, cramps of the chewing and neck muscles. Death occurs with increasing lethargy after 1-2 days. Recovery is extremely rare.

Carnivorous animals experience food refusal, fearfulness, restlessness, and severe itching. Sometimes dogs and cats show signs of rabies. Then paralysis of the pharynx occurs. Death in 2-3 days. Animals are not the source of the virus and do not excrete it, being an ecological dead end.

Aujeszky's disease can be suspected based on characteristic clinical symptoms and pathological changes (clinical, epizootological and pathological diagnostics).

Material for research: swabs from the nasal cavity and blood (preferably paired serum), from corpses - pieces of the brain, lungs, liver, spleen.

Express method - detection of viral antigen in RIF. Virological method: a) isolation of the virus on a culture of piglet kidney cells: b) bioassay on rabbits (characteristic itching and scratching at the site of infection).

Identification: RIF, RN.

Retrospective diagnosis: based on the increase in antibody titer in paired serum samples.

It is necessary to differentiate Aujeszky's disease from rabies, swine fever, influenza, erysipelas, and table salt poisoning.

Live VGNKI virus vaccine and inactivated cultural vaccine are used - immunity for 6-10 months. Subunit and recombinant vaccines are used abroad.