The Bible Computer Reference is a new software product for lexical search. Informatics and computer dictionaries and encyclopedias Computer literacy exercises

• Dictionaries and reference books on informatics and computers by years

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Description of the section "Informatics and computers"

A very interesting and useful book for you will be "Computer Science - Encyclopedic Dictionary-Reference" by the author Voroysky F.S. Automation of information processes and automated systems; Technical support; Software; Multimedia, hypermedia, virtual reality, machine vision; Network technologies for data processing and transmission; Computer and network slang; Pictograms used in email; Abbreviations of words and expressions used on the Internet.

Do not forget to download and read the book "The Newest Computer Encyclopedia 2011" by V.P. Leontiev. The encyclopedia includes the most up-to-date information necessary for every computer owner. The detailed presentation of the material, combined with a lively and exciting author's style, make the book indispensable for both beginners and experienced users. How to choose the right computer and what programs to use? How easy is it to install and master Windows 7? How to work in Linux? How to deal with errors and make the system stable. How to quickly find the information you need on the Internet and use file sharing systems? The book will answer almost any question that the user may have, and will become your reliable friend and companion.

Also useful to you is the Encyclopedia of the JavaScript User by Allen W., The Linux Handbook, by Seaver E., Speinauer S., Figgins S., Heckman D.

Also download dictionaries and encyclopedias of the authors Fridland A.Ya., Voroisky F.S., Zhvalevsky A.V., Myachev A.A., Stepanov V.N., Reimer S., Malker M., Bokarev T. And others .

If you want to easily understand such computer terms as BIOS, CMOS, ATX, DVI, HTML, etc., then read our article.

• AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port, accelerated graphics port)- a bus that was designed specifically to work with a graphics adapter and has a higher bandwidth compared to PCI.
• ADSL- The format of the digital subscriber Internet line. Derived from DSL technology. Advantages - outgoing data speed up to 1Mbps, incoming data speed up to 8Mbps.
• ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment, AT type connection)- a bus for connecting hard drives and other drives.
• ATAPI(ATA Package Interface)- bus used for CD-ROM drives.
• ATX (AT eXtension)- a form factor designed by Intel for chassis. This standard has replaced the outdated AT standard.
• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System, basic input/output system)- This is a special set of basic programs for checking computer hardware during its startup, as well as for supporting data exchange between devices.
• Browser A program that can read hypertext language. Modern hypertext language (WWW) able to read any of the existing browsers. Used to view web pages. The most famous browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.
• btx (Balanced Technology Extended) is a new form factor for system cases proposed by Intel, which is intended to replace the standard ATX.
• CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)- non-volatile memory for storing information about the configuration of the computer.
• CRT (Cathode Ray Tube, literally cathode ray tube)- an outdated type of monitors that are actively being replaced by liquid crystal monitors. In Russia, the abbreviation CRT monitors is also used.
• CSI (Common System Interconnect)- Intel's proprietary technology, which should come to replace the FSB system bus in new processors. CSI will serve to link the "stone" with external components.
• DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module)- a double-sided memory module - a constructive memory module that has become the de facto standard for computers since 1997. Has 84 pins on each side. The actual memory placed on the module can be either FPM or EDO or SDRAM. The memory in a DIMM is 64 (with a parity of 72) bits and can be used singly rather than in pairs like conventional SIMMs.
• DMI (Desktop Management Interface)- a part of the BIOS that contains various information about the motherboard, manufacturer, processor socket type, and much more. Used to communicate this information to the operating system.
• D-Sub- type of connectors for connecting various devices. The number shown in the name (for example, D-Sub 15) indicates the number of contacts.
• Download- downloading any data from the network or just downloading, for example, games or programs.
• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)- dynamic memory of direct access - memory, circuitry made in the form of a two-dimensional matrix (rows x columns) of capacitors. Very cheap, but requires constant "refreshment" or regeneration (Refresh) of the charge on the capacitors. The regeneration is performed as an "empty" memory read. This process takes a significant amount of time, since during this period no device can access the memory, except for the regeneration controller.
• Dual Gigabit LAN- this inscription means that the motherboard has two independent network cards, which allows the computer to connect simultaneously to two networks, for example, to the Internet and a local local area network.
• DVI (Digital Visual Interface, digital video interface)– interface used to connect the monitor to the video adapter. .
• ECASO (Enhanced Cooling After System Off)- technology used in power supplies. Its meaning boils down to the fact that the PSU fan runs for about 3 minutes after the system is turned off. Thus, the temperature of the devices in the case drops to room temperature much faster, which theoretically should affect the time of the so-called MTBF. This is especially true for hard drives.
• FAQ- List of frequently asked questions and answers to them. Such lists are created to facilitate the search for information that interests users most often.
• IDE (Integrated Drive (Device) Electronics, electronics integrated on the disk) - a technology for connecting hard drives and other devices to the motherboard.
• ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture)- one of the first computer bus standards that began to be used in computers.
• HTML is a hypertext markup language used to write web pages. Based on the html syntax, not only Internet pages can be written, but also PHP scripts and so on.
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display, liquid crystal monitors)- a new type of monitors that have replaced CRT monitors.
• OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)- organic LED. Currently used mainly in the displays of car radios, MP3 players and some models of mobile phones.
• PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect, bus for connecting peripheral components)– the main bus for various expansion cards.
• PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)- an interface designed for use in laptops. The term PC Card is also used. Devices designed for this interface are small.
• Png- graphic image format. Differs in high quality and support of transparent images. Designed to replace the gif format, it also has a better, compared to gif - images, image compression method.
• PoE (Power over Ethernet)- a technology that allows devices to be powered over an Ethernet network (i.e. no electrical outlet is needed)
• PoP (Package on Package)- case on case, a technology that allows several chips to be placed directly on top of each other.
• POST (Power-On Self Test)- a special program for diagnosing computer hardware when turned on.
• RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a memory standard developed by Rambus. Not widely used due to high cost.
• ReadyBoost is a technology developed by Microsoft for Windows Vista. The meaning of the technology is to use an external, faster than a hard drive, memory as a virtual one. Enabling the ReadyBoost function is very easy, just connect the USB Flash to the computer, and select "speed up my system" in the autorun list (increase the speed of my system). According to some studies, the increase in performance can be up to 30% due to the use of new technology.
• RTC (Real Time Clock)- as a rule, they are located in the same chip with CMOS memory (when the power is turned off, they are powered by the same battery).
• SCALE and SCAPE- two patented methods for dealing with interference from DSL modems. It is assumed that in the future it will be possible to increase the speed of DSL up to 250 megabits per second.
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)- a high-speed bus used to connect various devices to a computer (hard drives, CD-ROMs, etc.).
• S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology, Self-Diagnosis, Analysis and Reporting Technology)- a technology designed to improve the reliability and safety of data on hard drives.
• SMBIOS (System Management BIOS)- data that the BIOS transfers to RAM.
• SSD (Solid State Disk)- solid state drive. This is a so-called "flash drive" with a SATA interface, which can be used, for example, as a regular physical partition. The main advantages of using: small size, low power consumption, high speed and reliability.
• Software (software)- software.
• TCP/IP- Internet protocols that provide a stable connection on the Internet even with heterogeneous networks.
• UDF (Universal Disk Format) is a special file system for writable CDs, which was originally developed to work with flexible magnetic media. A feature of this system is the ability not to close the session during recording, that is, to work with a CD as with a floppy disk.
• ULP (Ultra Low Profile Memory Modules)- RAM modules having an ultra-low profile (height). There is also VLP (Very Low Profile Memory Modules).
• Upload- the process of uploading files to a remote computer (or server).
• URL- the Internet address of any Internet - page, inherent only to this instance of the page.
• VLP (Very Low Profile Memory Modules)- RAM modules having a very low profile (height). There is also ULP (Ultra Low Profile Memory Modules) with an ultra-low design. The height depends on the specific manufacturer, but on average, the module height limit starts at 18 mm.
- the ability of Windows to run some programs, applications and more, immediately after its loading. A large number of programs in startup can lead to micro-freezes of the computer, a decrease in the speed of its loading and operation in general.
• Archiving- software data compression to reduce their weight (volume). Creates a kind of container around the file, when placed in which the original resource reduces its weight. Convenient for reducing the amount of data transmitted over the Internet and for speeding up its transfer.
• Archiver- a program that performs the functions of archiving. The most popular programs are WinRar, 7Zip, WinZip.
• Archive- a container with data processed by the archiver. To use the data from the archive, they must first be extracted (unzipped). Archive formats: *.rar, *.zip, *.gzip, *.7z, *.tar, *.xz. In addition to these, there are other archive extensions, but they are less common.
• Antivirus- a program or utility that protects against virus attacks, and is also able to eliminate the consequences of a missed attack or remove a virus from any medium (supporting quick removal).
• Clipboard- area of ​​fast computer memory. Serves for short-term saving of copied data of any format. The data copied to the clipboard is replaced on the second and subsequent copy operations with the latest data. Short-term saving means saving until the next copy, or until the computer is restarted.
• blank- CD (CD, DVD). Initially, this was called empty disks, now there is no difference between an empty and a full disk.
• backup- a newly borrowed word, means a fallback (backup copy) of data. For example, a database backup is a copy of a database for a rainy day.
• Virus- a program dangerous for a computer designed to steal data, destroy data, send spam, integrate your computer into a virus network, and the like. As a rule, viruses enter a computer through files downloaded from the Internet or from someone else's disk / flash card. It is impossible to protect yourself from viruses 100%, but antivirus programs and utilities can help reduce the risk of infection.
• Winchester- another name for a hard drive. The hard drive serves as a long-term storage device. Full name: Hard Disk Drive. It is located inside the system unit, can be divided into logical partitions, while physically remaining intact.
• Virtual- a program for creating, burning disk images. Able to mount a virtual drive that works similarly to your optical drive (CD / DVD drive), only not with optical discs, but with disc images.
• Driver- a set of software products connecting the operating system and computer hardware. That is, the driver tells the system how specific equipment should work, what it should do, what conditions it needs to work. Some of the drivers are installed in the operating system initially, without them the system could not be installed on the computer. And some drivers are provided by the hardware manufacturer (video cards, printers, webcams).
• Device- in computer slang, a device of any type and purpose used when working with a computer or capable of connecting to it (player, bluetooth, mouse).
• Task Manager- allows you to monitor the processes running in the system and, if necessary, stop their activity. If Windows (and the computer in general) began to “slow down” or do something incomprehensible, then it is likely that one of the processes (possibly malicious) is to blame. Accordingly, if you turn it off, then the problem will disappear. Learn more about Task Manager.
• Distribution- an installation package for any program or system. For example, the KMP player distribution looks like this: kmplayer_version_number.exe. They can have extensions *.exe, *.msi, when downloaded from the Internet, they are often packed into archives. Distributions and archives should be treated very carefully, because they are most often subjected to special virus infection for the subsequent introduction of the virus into your system. When downloading, check these files with an antivirus program.
• Sticky Keys- a mode that allows you to track the pressing of function keys (Ctrl, Shift, Alt, Windows).
• hangup- the inability of a computer or program to continue working or respond to your commands and requests. It can manifest itself in the appearance of a non-moving image, lack of response to the Caps Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock keys, mouse movements.
• installation- Installing something, usually software or an operating system.
• Controller- a device that controls various processes. For example, a processor temperature controller or an I / O controller, a keyboard controller, and so on.
• logical drive- part of the hard disk (hard drive) is virtually separated from the rest of the space. For example, drive C is a logical system drive, it installs the operating system and software. Drive D - a simple logical drive - a hard drive partition that stores information of any kind. In addition to logical disks, a hard disk has reserved disk space, usually no more than 100 MB. He shouldn't be touched.
• operating system- a set of programs that connect computer hardware (hardware) and application software. In other words, an operating system is an interface for managing computer devices and computing processes that occur in a computer at different points in time.
• RAM is an abbreviation for Random Access Memory. That is, RAM is a device that performs the role of random access memory. Most often identified with a dynamic memory module.
• Drive unit- drive for optical discs. Recently, the term floppy drive, that is, a floppy disk drive, has fallen out of use, as floppy disks are becoming obsolete.
• Firmware- built-in device subsystem. In mobile phones, e-books and other devices, the firmware is similar in meaning to the operating system of a computer.
• plugin(Plug-in) - a mini program that is built into larger software products and expands the functionality of this product. It is impossible to use the plug-in separately from the program for which it was written. You can call the plug-in interface from the program into which it was integrated.
• Task bar- as a rule, an area of ​​a certain size containing shortcuts to the most important programs, components, etc. On Windows operating systems, the taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen by default. In various applications, it may be called a quick access panel, a functional panel.
- restarting the computer, programs, games. When installing drivers or the operating system, the reboot occurs automatically. For the computer, you can also use a forced restart using a small button, usually located next to the computer's start button. May be required when the computer freezes.
• Peripherals- additional equipment to the computer, usually connected via the USB interface or COM ports. For example, printer, copier, scanner, plotter, etc.
• Reinstallation- replacing the current version of the operating system or software with the same version. It may be required if Windows, programs, games do not work correctly. Usually occurs against the background of the removal of the old version.
• Software- application programs you need to perform any tasks. Programs are usually accompanied by documentation pertaining to ownership rights, terms of operation of the program, and your responsibilities when using the product. Derivatives: programs, software.
• Desktop- the area of ​​the screen displayed by the operating system on the monitor. Desktop elements are: taskbar, Start button, shortcuts.
• Runet- the general designation of the Internet - space containing materials in Russian. Sites, blogs, conferences, regardless of the domain name (.ru, .com, .info) intended for Russian speakers belong to the Runet.
• router(router, modem) - a device designed to transmit and distribute Internet traffic between clients of a particular provider's network.
• Registry- a kind of database in the form of keys and their values, which stores all data about the computer, from the version of the installed system to the settings of your Internet connection. When working with the registry, you must be careful and careful, as any wrong action can lead to a crash of the operating system.
• Editor- a program for working with a certain type of data. A text editor helps you work with texts, a graphic editor helps you work with images, and so on.
• Screenshot (screen shot)- sometimes abbreviated - screen - a screenshot at any point in time. By default, a screenshot can be taken by pressing the PrintScreen key, and then open the Paint editor and pressing the key combination Ctrl + V or Edit-Paste.
• Server The word can be used in two meanings. The first is a computer program on the network that allows this computer to provide some service for another computer. The computer requesting the service uses the program - the client, and the computer providing the service - the program - the server. Secondly, the server is a high-powered computer connected to the network to process requests from working client computers. For example, a server with the 1C software package allows working computers on the network to use 1C without its full installation on each computer; only a client shell is used for work.
• socket (Socket)- a special communication interface between the application software and the network layers. With a socket, processes can communicate at a specific endpoint (the socket itself). In relation to the CPU, a socket is a processor socket on the motherboard.
• Torrent (torrent)- a special network protocol for data exchange. Works on Peer2Peer (p2p) technology.
• Translit- the use of the Latin alphabet for writing Russian words. For example, glossariy means glossary. Spread thanks to games and applications without the support of the Russian language. Now it makes sense only in certain cases (failure of the Russian layout or its complete absence in the system or on the keyboard).
• thermal paste- a special odorless plastic substance, reminiscent of toothpaste. Required for improved heat transfer between processors and heatsinks of cooling devices. Without thermal paste, the processor can work for a while, but eventually it will overheat and burn out. Read the same article.
• Tag- a special functional text combination used in programming languages. For example, the HTML tag Document Body means that it contains the main content of the HTML page.
• Utility- a utility program responsible for the functions of configuring, protecting, restoring, limiting, controlling software, in particular operating systems.
• File- a certain set of information that has its own address, name and digital signature. A file is the smallest unit of information storage on a computer. Programs, documents, images, drivers are all files or collections of files.
• Forum- a place of communication on the network on thematic issues, for example, a forum for winter fishing enthusiasts.
• Formatting- usually applied to disks of any kind (hard, flash, floppy) and means the process of partitioning the file system of a disk. This always destroys all data on the formatted partition or the entire disk (depending on the media).
• Hacker- a person who specializes in a deep study of a certain subject, and not only computer. A hacker is not only someone who hacks into systems and writes viruses, but also someone who fanatically studies all the intricacies of the operation of various programs and systems in order to improve them or process them into other products.
• Host- the one who created the server. For example, in the popular game WarCraft, a host is someone who created a game on a particular map and is waiting for other players to connect. Also, a host is any device on the network that operates using the TCP / IP protocol and communicates with other equipment.
Next article Monitor testing

Category: Directory

In chapter "Directory" we have prepared reference materials to help you understand the computer world. Understand the terminology, understand the purpose of a variety of smart assistants and services on the Internet, which greatly facilitate the work and save time.

It is not enough to have a computer, tablet or smartphone - you need to be able to use them correctly. And helpful notes from the guide will help you get the most out of each device.

Accessibility enables people with physical disabilities to use existing technologies more effectively. For example, the Narrator option will read the text aloud for visually impaired people, and the speech recognition feature will help control the computer through voice commands for people with reduced mobility. We'll introduce you to some common accessibility features. We will also discuss assistive devices…

Today we will talk about software (programs). Personal computer programs are often referred to as "application programs" and programs for mobile devices are referred to as "mobile applications". You have probably heard that certain computer programs are needed to perform certain tasks. That is, without the right program, you can’t even type text. And it is true. Program…

Internet encyclopedia Internet encyclopedia or Encyclopedic Internet project encyclopedia operating in the web environment. They can be divided into two groups. The first group includes encyclopedias written by a special team of authors (in fact, an analogue of a paper encyclopedia, only transferred to a web server). Examples are the encyclopedia Around the World or the electronic version of the Orthodox Encyclopedia. The second group includes encyclopedias that are created by its readers in accordance with the rules of each project. They are characterized by high speed of development, great freedom of access to editing the contained materials, forums implemented in the project for communication between participants, etc.

The rapid development of type 2 Internet encyclopedias was largely made possible by the advent of wiki technology. This technology has been able to introduce methods that are well suited to creating encyclopedic projects, and has also provided a toolkit that is not a barrier, but facilitates the rapid development of encyclopedic projects. Currently, most Internet encyclopedias, both "general" and narrowly focused, describing any specific area, are built on wiki technology.

Conducting work on the creation of an encyclopedia on the Internet allows you to unite in the work of people who are no longer connected with each other. These people are usually experts or amateurs in some area of ​​expertise. It often turns out that there are specialists in some areas in the project, but not in others, and therefore even in large encyclopedias, such as the English section of Wikipedia, some topics are worked out quite deeply, and some are very poorly or not worked out at all.

An important difference between Internet encyclopedias and classical, “paper” encyclopedias is that they develop continuously, and, as a rule, there is no specific final goal, after which work on the encyclopedia can be stopped. There are also no “fixed”, “stable” versions of the encyclopedia; readers see articles in the form in which they are at the moment.

Modern encyclopedic Internet projects: Tradition Tradition The work is carried out measuredly. A developing Internet project with a great future. Some participants of the Tradition, believing that this encyclopedia claims to be a global alternative to the Russian Wikipedia, argue that because of this, Wikipedia participants have repeatedly applied and continue to apply pressure on some participants of the Tradition (in their opinion, including through third-party wiki projects, LiveJournal communities, etc.) in order to nullify their work in the project.

The Russian-language section of Wikipedia An encyclopedia project that positions itself as a deliberately secondary source of knowledge (and even a “tertiary” source, since, according to the rules, Wikipedia relies mainly on secondary sources). When writing articles, a mandatory requirement is to link to authoritative sources that are beyond the personal knowledge of the participants. In practice, no more than half of the articles cite authoritative sources, and, by some estimates, about a third of the articles have no citations at all.

Kashchepuzija Kashchepuzija (from kaschenism and pusia - i.e. pedia) - a special Wikipedia in the jargon of kaschenites (the self-name of kaschepuziki). At the moment, it contains more than 200 articles, mostly comic. The interface of the project has been partially translated into the "language" of the Kashchenites.

Experimental scientific encyclopedia As of November 18, 2007 includes articles and images. The founders of the project initially assumed that gentlemen scientists would write articles about their research here. However, practice has shown that it is difficult to do this without the involvement of an administrative resource. Therefore, at present, the main number of articles is from Brockhaus and Efron (940 articles per category) and the Small Soviet Encyclopedia of 1931 (884 articles). In addition, there is a regional section called "Electronic Folk Encyclopedia of the Shatura Territory" (170 articles).

Absurdopedia Ru Absurdopedia The work is carried out quite calmly, over 120 articles have been written in 2.5 months. Absurdopedia is not in the full sense of the word an encyclopedia containing accurate data, rather the opposite. It is absurdity and humor that are the main components of the articles of this "encyclopedia".

Lurkomorye Russian-language encyclopedia of network subcultures. Serves as a guide to the concepts and terminology of Russian network life in all its manifestations. Number of articles (as of December 2007) 847. The number of articles is not recorded on the front page of this project.

Russian writer Russian-language literary encyclopedia on the wikia.com project of articles, the work is carried out measuredly. Contains biography and bibliography of poets, writers, prose writers and translators of literary works from the distant past to the present.

Zoos of the World Encyclopedia World of Zoos is an open international non-commercial information and encyclopedic project about the life and activities of zoological gardens and parks, aquariums and terrariums, their inhabitants and caring people, employees of botanical institutions, as well as about famous figures from all over the world associated with the work of these institutions and who contributed significant contribution to the zoo.

Wikipedia The Russian-language part of the free multilingual encyclopedia, which includes over 163,000 articles. The English version contains more than 1 million 700 thousand articles. Wikipedia allows you to find extensive information on the topic: encyclopedia articles are provided with notes, links to printed sources and Internet resources.

Encyclopedias on the Internet All-in-one. Directory Contains information on all branches of knowledge, providing numerical and factual systematic information.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia asp Contains the full text of the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE).

Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary asp Contains articles of a humanitarian and cultural orientation from Brockhaus, the Dahl Dictionary and the Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary (IES) of the Big Russian Encyclopedia publishing house.

Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron Contains articles on all branches of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of the publishing society "F. A. Brockhaus - I. A. Efron. Revised and added. and %20Efron/

Encyclopedic Fund of Russia Contains articles on all branches of knowledge. Collection of encyclopedic and scientific works (section of scientific publications).

Russian information network. Dictionaries

World of dictionaries A collection of dictionaries and encyclopedias in various fields of knowledge: economic, political, sociological, legal, medical, construction, etc. Over 30 titles in total.

Universal encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius Collection of encyclopedias. Sections: "Society, Economics and Politics"; "Countries, continents, oceans"; "Animal and plant world"; "Story"; "Art and Literature"; "Science", etc. More than 10 encyclopedias, 130 thousand articles, 30 thousand illustrations. Search topics and keywords.

Yandex. Encyclopedias Encyclopedias and dictionaries are divided into sections: "General", "Economy and Finance", "Society", "Law", "Internet", "Natural Sciences", "Countries and Cities". In total, users are offered about 20 reference resources - electronic versions of well-known printed publications and network sources.

Encyclopedia "Krugosvet" The site was created to help schoolchildren and students. Main sections: history, humanities, culture and education, medicine, science and technology, earth sciences, countries of the world, sports. The search is conducted on one or all sections at the same time.

Encyclopedias Mail.ru The site contains "Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary", "World Biographical Encyclopedic Dictionary", encyclopedias "World History", "Myths of the Peoples of the World", "Peoples and Religions of the World".

Glossary.ru Service of thematic explanatory dictionaries. The site contains more than 4,000 glossaries on economic, biological, technical and related topics. Simple search system.

Dictionaries and reference books A large collection of dictionaries on various subjects: Russian, computer science, economics, business, construction, marketing, art, political science, architecture, numismatists. Search is possible in all dictionaries at once.

Dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias A huge collection of links to online reference resources on the humanities, medicine, programming, etc.

Russian Biographical Dictionary This dictionary is based on entries from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary and the New Encyclopedic Dictionary. The dictionary contains almost biographies of figures of Russian history and culture, as well as articles about Russian semi-mythical and folklore characters, materials from the volume "Russia", including reviews of Russian history, Russian political, legal and financial systems, articles on the history of culture and science, etc. written by prominent scientists of the early twentieth century.

What should a novice user do when he starts to master a new program or tries to understand some nuances of computer literacy?

What should an advanced user do to improve self-education in the field of IT technologies?

There are different solutions to these problems:

• and step by step to repeat the actions of the author of the course;
• go to a bookstore (perhaps an online store) and purchase a book on a topic of interest, if there is one;
• sign up for (full-time, part-time, remote) and update your knowledge base;
• "google", i.e. search for the necessary information on the Internet using the Google search engine, etc.

These are effective methods, ideal both at the initial stages, in order to somehow get off the ground, and for increasing (updating) the level of computer literacy for the purpose of self-education.

To the above list of problem solving, I want to add the ability to search for information using help, tips and, especially, using built-in directories. Using the latter allows you to find information much faster than using other sources.

So, how to call the built-in directory?

I way. To do this, in the program menu, click on the option Reference(or Help).

II way. "Hot key" to call the built-in directory is F1, which should be clicked when you are already logged into the program and trying to get the necessary help. The use of the F1 key is especially effective when you want to get help on a specific section of the program and press this key. Often, the built-in directory automatically opens on the desired page and there is no need to waste time looking for this page. To call Windows XP reference, press 2 keys:

Alternatively, select "Help" (maybe "Help and Support") from the Start menu.

Built-in directories, of course, differ from each other. But the general principles of working with them are the same. As an example, consider the reference program Paint, included in the set of standard Windows programs.

The figure below shows that there are two panels in the Paint reference window: the list of available pages in the reference book is on the left, and the content of the selected page is on the right. By the way, the border between the left and right handbook panels can be moved left or right with the mouse.

The reference book tabs "Contents", "Index" and "Search" allow you to search for information:

• by title ("Contents"),
• by keywords ("Index"),
• throughout the text ("Search").

Similar information search formats are available in almost any built-in Windows directory. Usually the user has to enter the words (terms) he needs.

Moreover, when the “Search” option is selected, all pages containing the words entered by the user will be displayed. This is not always convenient, since the contextual search returns too many pages, sometimes not quite relevant.

It is better to use the option "Pointer". In this case, only those pages are displayed for which the words entered by the user are keywords. The list of keywords is determined by the directory developer using the most important words.

To close the directory window, you should click on the X (“close”) button in the upper right corner of the directory window or use two “hot keys”: "ALT" And F4. Also, when the program itself is closed, the directory built into it often closes at the same time.

Computer literacy exercises:

1. Use the Contents tab of Paint's built-in reference to find help on how to make a Paint picture your desktop background.
2. Use hotkeys to open and close the Windows XP built-in directory.
3. Use the Contents tab in Notepad's built-in reference to find help on how to insert the time and date into your document.